Seven seconds. That’s how quickly recruiters scan a resume. Is yours impressive enough to get invited for a job interview? Your resume is like an advertisement for promoting your work experience and skills. It’s your tool for selling yourself as the best candidate for the job to prospective employers. With tighter competition in the job market, creating a solid resume has become more critical than ever. Here’s everything you need to know about writing a resume, including samples and tips to help you craft an impressive resume.
| Type of Applicant | Sample Resumes |
| Fresh graduate | Click here |
| OJT student | Click here |
| Undergraduate student/Working student | Click here |
| High school graduate | Click here |
| Call center agent | Click here |
| Healthcare worker (Nurse/Medical technologist/Caregiver/Rad tech) | Click here |
| Aspiring civil servant/government employee | Click here |
| Lawyer | Click here |
| Accountant | Click here |
| Civil Engineer | Click here |
| Architect | Click here |
| Teacher | Click here |
| Seaman | Click here |
| Factory worker | Click here |
| Freelancer (writer, web developer, graphic designer) | Click here |
A resume (also spelled résumé) is a written account that summarizes a job seeker’s work history, skills, professional achievements, education, and other qualifications. The word comes from the Middle French “résumer,” which means “to sum up.” Similar to but more concise than the biodata, the resume is usually the first document employers request from job applicants.
A curriculum vitae (CV for short) is a comprehensive and detailed document describing a person’s professional and academic career. It’s a Latin term that means “course of life.”
| Resume | CV | |
| Purpose | Most job applications | Usually for applications in the academe, medical fields, and scientific research (e.g., academic jobs, scholarships, grants, research fellowships, etc.) |
| Typical length | One to two pages | No page limit |
| Amount of information | As short and concise as possible | Contains more information |
| Customization | Highly customized to match the specific requirements per position | No changes unless there are new achievements or qualifications |
| Layout | Creative or minimalist design with bullet points, colors, icons, and other design elements | Minimalist design with plain text, more sections, and no bullet points |
Start by knowing which resume format will work best for your job application. Resume formats differ in the qualifications they emphasize. So choose a format highlighting whatever you want recruiters to notice on your resume.
When deciding on a resume format, consider your work experience, skillset, career goals, and the job you’re applying for.
Here are four resume formats, including the pros and cons and when to use each:
This traditional resume format is what most candidates use (and employers are most familiar with). It highlights career progression by listing work experience in reverse-chronological order, starting with the latest and working through past jobs.
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Best resume format for:
Sample reverse-chronological resume format:
Also called the skills-based resume, the functional format emphasizes an applicant’s skills rather than work experience.
Instead of listing your work history first, put your qualifications and skills at the top of your resume. Organize your functional resume by grouping abilities with similar themes together (e.g., “Leadership Skills,” “Customer Service Skills,” Marketing Skills,” etc.).
Advantage: Highlights skills and downplays lack of experience
Disadvantage: It might be perceived as hiding one’s shortcomings
Best resume format for:
Sample functional resume format:
The hybrid resume format combines some aspects of both reverse-chronological and functional formats. Also called a combination resume, this format consists of two parts: the first highlights relevant qualifications and skills, and the second lists your work history.
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Best resume format for:
Sample hybrid resume format:
An infographic resume uses graphic design elements such as colors, illustrations, icons, charts, and font styling instead of just basic text. Regarding content structure, this type of resume can be either reverse-chronological, functional, or hybrid.
Advantage: Grabs attention and can easily stand out
Disadvantage: Hard to pull off and can leave a wrong impression if not executed well
Best resume format for:
Sample infographic resume format:
Regardless of your resume format, always put your name and contact information at the top. If you make the next cut, the recruiter or hiring manager will quickly know how to contact you.
Must-have information on a resume header:
Optional information on a resume header:
The introduction is one of the most critical parts of a resume, as it highlights the candidate’s most important qualifications. Since it’s placed somewhere at the top of the page, recruiters notice the introduction first before everything else.
There are four ways to present a resume introduction. The right option depends on the job applied for, as well as the candidate’s skillsets and work experience.
A summary of qualifications lists crucial career accomplishments with four to six bullet points. Use this type of resume intro if you have much work experience with measurable achievements and diverse skill sets.
Sample Qualifications Summary:
This resume section states in two to three sentences why you want a specific position in the company. Using a career objective on a resume is ideal for fresh graduates, entry-level candidates, and career switchers with little or no relevant work experience.
Sample Career Objective:
This resume intro combines the qualifications summary and career objective. The professional profile can be either a bullet-point list or a brief paragraph.
Use a professional profile if you are applying for a position in the same industry, have particular expertise, and have a significant career achievement to highlight.
Sample Professional Profile:
This section highlights the top skills, experience, and achievements in your career in two to three sentences. It may also mention the job title and years of experience.
A professional summary works for experienced and skilled candidates, allowing them to showcase their most important qualifications.
Sample Professional Summary:
The work experience section (also labeled “Professional Experience” or simply “Experience”) is your opportunity to prove your qualifications to potential employers.
You don’t have to list your entire career—choose up to three to five experiences most relevant to the job you’re applying for.
If you use the reverse-chronological format, place your work experience near the top, right below your resume intro. But this section should be placed somewhere lower for the functional format, like below the education section.
The standard format for listing work experience includes the following information:
The education section shows that you meet any academic requirements for a specific role, such as a bachelor’s or master’s degree in a related field.
Where you put this section and how much information you include depend on your experience level. If you’ve worked for a long time, keep your education short and place it after the work experience section.
However, if you lack experience, you may want to highlight your education by making it detailed and putting it near the top (above your work experience). This is also a good strategy for professionals emphasizing academic success, such as those in legal, medicine, accountancy, and education.
List your education, starting with your highest degree, in this format:
If you have a college degree, there is no need to add your high school and grade school information.
Your resume should have a good mix of hard and soft skills because employers are looking for both.
Hard skills are measurable abilities that get a job done, such as coding in different programming languages, video editing, bookkeeping, and social media management.
Soft skills are personality traits that shape how you do your job, work, and interact with co-workers. Soft skills include leadership, professionalism, teamwork, initiative, persistence, and self-motivation.
The growing trend in recruitment nowadays is that employers value soft skills more than hard skills. Consider that fact when writing the skills section of your resume.
JobStreet.com’s 2018 Fresh Graduate Report 2 , for instance, found that most employers consider three things when screening candidates: attitude/work ethic, analytical thinking, and communication skills.
An iCIMS Hiring Insights report 3 notes that the top fields where soft skills matter more than hard skills are customer service, human resources, and sales/marketing.
According to the report, more recruiters place greater importance on soft skills for management than entry-level positions. The most valuable soft skills for senior-level posts are problem-solving, oral communication, and adaptability.
Chances are, hundreds of applicants for the same position have the same (or higher) level of work experience, education, and skills as yours.
How do you set yourself apart?
Add a personal touch to your resume. Show employers that you are well-rounded and do something outside of work. After all, the experience and skills you gain from it can also be applied to the workplace.
Depending on your profession or industry and what you prefer to highlight, here are the optional sections you may list on your resume.
Include any relevant information in your resume if you’re in a profession with certification or licensing requirements (such as nursing, medicine, and engineering).
Even if your industry doesn’t require licensing, you may include any professional development courses you’ve earned, like a professional certificate in digital marketing.
Do you spend your free time helping others? Your volunteering experience is worth adding to your resume.
Studies find that listing volunteer work raises a candidate’s chance of getting hired. Showing that you help the community gives the impression that you’re a loyal, committed employee. You can also prove critical skills such as leadership, problem-solving, communication, teamwork, networking, event planning, fundraising, etc.
It’s a great strategy for students and fresh graduates without work experience and candidates with long unemployment periods.
For this section, the typical format lists the organization’s name, inclusive dates of volunteer work, achievements, and a short description of volunteer experience.
The ability to communicate in two or more languages is valuable in fields such as translation, ESL teaching, writing, and customer service.
It’s also valuable for multinational companies where the chance of career growth is high for multi-lingual employees who may be assigned to work in different countries.
So if you’re well-versed in a foreign language, add that info to your resume. To list your language skills, write the languages you can speak and understand and your proficiency level for each one (basic/intermediate/proficient/fluent/native).
The hobbies and interests section may be the least important, but it can boost your resume if it’s related to the position you’re applying for.
For example, being a basketball coach means you have the leadership, problem-solving, and interpersonal skills required for a management position in a company.
Save yourself from potential embarrassment and rejection due to glaring mistakes. When you’ve finished writing your resume and cover letter, edit and proofread them multiple times to catch and correct errors, including the following:
Remember these pointers when proofreading your resume and cover letter:
Without Photoshop skills, developing a resume that doesn’t look sloppy is hard.
Enter online resume builders with professionally designed templates that let you plug in your information for a polished look. Especially for first-timers, these tools are beneficial.
Use a resume builder so that you can focus more on writing your resume than obsessing about its design.
Here are free resume builders that are among the easiest to use:
This online resume builder allows users to upload a PDF file of their LinkedIn profile and use the drag-and-drop feature to add design elements they like. After creating a resume, the file can be downloaded in PDF format.
Want a creative, custom-designed resume? Canva is the right tool for you. It has a vast collection of templates, photos, illustrations, colors, and other elements made by professional designers. You can use them for free to create or modify a layout for your resume.
The easy-to-use resume-building tool on Cultivated Culture is perfect for job seekers who are not so tech-savvy. It allows full customization and the creation of unlimited resumes for free.
What’s great about this online platform is that its resume templates are created based on feedback from real recruiters and hiring managers from some of the best companies in the world. The templates have also been tested with real job seekers with different backgrounds, experience levels, and industries.
This beginner-friendly online tool has a simple interface that makes creating a resume quick and easy. A broad array of pre-designed resume templates are crafted per profession, so you don’t have to modify the layout manually. You can also organize the sections as you’d like.
Unlike other resume builders, Novorèsumè specializes in resume writing rather than design. This is a must-use tool if you want to optimize your resume content. It analyzes text and recommends revisions to improve your resume quality.
Once you finish your draft, you can customize and preview your resume layout and download it as a PDF file.
If you’re looking for the fastest resume creation tool, use Resume.com. This free resume builder can extract information from your LinkedIn profile and place it on a template of your choice. You can immediately work on your resume from its homepage and download the final output as a PDF, DOCX, RTF, or TXT file.
This is another excellent tool for resume writing and design, especially for those without a good command of English. Users must answer multiple-choice questions about their work experience and education and fill in the blanks with the necessary information.
ResumeGenius also lets users add pre-written bullet points for making customized job responsibilities in the work experience section. Resumes created with this tool can be downloaded in PDF, DOCX, and TXT formats.
Building a resume using Resume.io is simple. Just choose a template, add your information, and download your resume.
You can also check the website for resume samples from people hired in different industries to get an idea of how to write a resume.
With its professionally designed templates, you can create visually stunning resumes for jobs you want to apply for. Creating a resume is also easy—you can upload your document on the website instead of cutting and pasting text.
More than just a resume builder, Zety lets you create a cover letter in the same design as your resume. It also features a text editor for minimizing typos and a resume checker that suggests revisions for improvement.
ResumeGiants is a free online resume builder boasting many resume templates in different formats and for different jobs. Expert guidance and coaching are incorporated in the instructions so you can rest assured that your resume is optimized for success.
A common mistake in resume writing is starting every phrase with “Responsible for.” These words take up space and don’t add value to your resume. Instead, use strong action verbs that instantly grab the hiring manager’s attention.
Choose action verbs 4 that goes beyond just stating your duties. Use words that show how you delivered results, exceeded expectations, solved problems, did something innovative, or accomplished anything.
Here are some of the most potent action verbs that can help you accomplish that:
Using the right action words alone is not enough to convince employers that you’re a strong candidate for the job.
As much as possible, support your list of accomplishments with data. Include numbers, percentages, monetary values (in peso, dollar, or any applicable currency), timeframe, and other performance metrics to support your successes.
For example, instead of simply stating you “Reduced average customer waiting time,” you can improve it by adding numbers: “Reduced average customer waiting time from 24 hours to 1 hour.”
If possible, briefly state how you accomplished something. The example above can be further improved: “Reduced average customer waiting time from 24 hours to 1 hour by organizing the customer service team’s workflow and prioritizing customer requests.”
Other specific, measurable achievements to add to your resume include the following:
To get their resume noticed, some applicants go overboard with colors, illustrations, and other design elements—which are unnecessary and distracting.
Remember: less is more. Go easy on your layout. Let your credentials speak louder than your resume design. Use colors, icons, and what not to enhance your resume’s visual appeal, not overshadow its content.
So, how should your resume look to make an impression?
A 2018 Ladders eye-tracking study 5 found the common elements of resumes where recruiters spent the most time and focus on:
The same study also identified the common elements of worst-performing resumes to avoid:
In addition, having ample white space makes a resume more readable. For most resumes, a one-inch margin around the page works. This also gives the recruiter and hiring manager enough space to write comments on a printed resume.
If you must reduce the margin size to fit your content on a page or two, ensure it isn’t lower than 0.5 inches.
Consistency in your resume formatting is important, too. If you italicize company names, for instance, all the others should also be in italics. All job responsibilities and accomplishments must be in bullet lists. Also, use the same font for all text in your document.
The key is to keep your resume’s look uniform throughout. Otherwise, the recruiter would think you’re careless, which might spill over your work performance.
The best font and text size won’t make the reader squint.
What to use:
What to avoid:
All it takes to botch your job application—even with a perfectly written resume and cover letter—is failing to follow the employer’s instructions on document submission.
Take the time to carefully read the job posting’s submission requirements before you send your application. Keep an eye out for these usual requirements:
Additionally, use a professional email address (ideally one with only your name or initials) when sending your resume and other documents. An email address that’s cutesy or filled with odd characters doesn’t only come off as unprofessional but also shows that you’re not taking your job application seriously.
Lastly—and most importantly—never mass email your resume. It reeks of carelessness and lack of attention to detail.
Put yourself in the shoes of the hiring manager. Would you hire someone who sent a generic job application to multiple companies at once?
While submitting just one version of a resume to all possible employers is the most convenient thing to do, it won’t be as effective as customizing your resume to each position you’re applying for.
What works for one position or company may not work for another. Your resume and cover letter must be tailored to each job application. It takes more time and effort to write different resumes and cover letters for different job openings, but all will be worth it when you get selected for interviews.
There are several ways to write a targeted resume and cover letter without rewriting the entire document.
a. Choose details that are directly relevant to the role. The work experience and skills you include in your resume should closely match the requirements in the job ad. You don’t have to list your entire work history. Exclude information that’s not related to the position you’re applying for.
b. Write a custom resume intro. You can rewrite your resume’s overview according to the company’s challenges (and how you can help solve them), the top skills each employer seeks, and the level of experience required for the job.
c. Re-arrange your lists. If you specialize in two or more fields, highlight the one required for the specific role. For example, if you have both a writing and SEO background, focus on your writing skills for your writing job applications and your SEO expertise for SEO-related jobs.
d. Use keywords. An effective customization strategy is finding the most important keywords from the job posting and mentioning them in your resume and cover letter. These job-specific keywords are what employers look for when scanning resumes and cover letters.
The right resume design depends on the position you’re applying for and your industry.
For traditional industries such as business, finance, banking, legal, and healthcare, stick to the conventional, formal-looking resume. Sending a creative resume for a position in these industries would be seen as unprofessional.
Suppose you’re pursuing a career in advertising, marketing, or any industry that values creativity and innovation. In that case, a modern resume (like an infographic or interactive resume) will make you stand out. This is especially true for graphic designers, animators, multimedia artists, and other creative professionals whose resume design and layout skills will be assessed.
Studies have conflicting recommendations on the optimal resume length. Some say one page is what most employers prefer, while others claim that two-page resumes showcase a candidate’s qualifications better.
In reality, recruiters wouldn’t mind whether you submit a page or two. What matters is that your resume is concise and lists all your relevant experience and skills.
The correct number of pages depends on the position and the level of experience required. As a rule of thumb, here’s when to use a particular length for your resume:
a. One-page resume – This is ideal for most job applications, as it’s faster to read than a multi-page resume. Entry-level candidates with little experiences, such as fresh graduates and career changers, should aim for a single-page resume.
b. Two-page resume – For mid-level positions that require at least 5 to 10 years of experience, two pages allow candidates to include all relevant information. A second page is also necessary for jobs requiring technical skills, as well as government job applicants who must list all training and conferences attended.
c. Three-page resume (or CV) – Three or more pages are generally acceptable for senior management positions or candidates with over ten years of experience. This is because they need more space to make a detailed list of their experiences and accomplishments. The same goes for professionals in the academic, scientific, and medical fields who need to elaborate on their work experience and educational background.
Still undecided? Just write your resume first without thinking about the length. Once you’ve finished, please review it and cut out unnecessary details.
Avoid cramming as much information as possible onto your resume. Omit irrelevant details that don’t relate directly to the job and are unnecessary for the employer’s hiring decision.
Here are some examples:
a. Personal details that could lead to hiring discrimination, such as age, birthdate, sexual orientation, civil status, height, weight, religion, name of spouse and children, and political affiliation, unless the position requires it.
b. Second phone number or email address – This information wastes space on the page and may confuse the recruiter.
c. Personal website or blog – Not necessary unless you’re a writer, web designer, or SEO professional who wants to showcase your relevant skills.
d. Social media profiles – Provide only your LinkedIn profile. Other social networks are too personal and unnecessary. The hiring manager might “stalk” your online profiles anyway.
e. Salary history and expected salary – The recruiter will ask for this information during the interview. It’s too early (not to mention imprudent) to bring up your salary in the first stage of your application.
f. Work experience dating back over 15 years, unless the roles are still relevant to your current career.
g. Unrelated hobbies that remotely have anything to do with the job.
h. Obsolete skills – The employer doesn’t need to know that you are proficient with outdated technology or no longer have current and relevant abilities in your industry.
i. Street addresses of companies and schools – State the city and province (plus the country if located abroad) of your employers and schools.
Generally, the candidate’s photo isn’t necessary on a resume. After all, your resume should be about your credentials and not your looks.
The only exceptions are positions where appearance matters, such as acting, modeling, customer service, and brand ambassador jobs.
Another consideration when deciding whether to add a photo or not is the country where you plan to work. Resume photos are acceptable in the Philippines, Japan, China, South Korea, and most European countries. But in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and Sweden, including a photo on a resume is generally unacceptable.
If you decide to put your photo, make sure it’s a headshot (2 x 2 size) that looks clear and professional with a plain background, similar to your passport picture. You should also be dressed appropriately in your resume photo. Please place it in the upper left or right corner of the page.
References are generally not required for resumes. The references section is just optional. Skip it altogether, especially if you’re trying to fit more critical information onto your resume.
Also, you don’t have to indicate “References available upon request” on your resume because it’s understood that you have them. You can wait until you’re asked to provide your references.
If a job posting requires character references, be careful who you choose to include in your resume. These people should be able to vouch for your character and abilities, especially those who know you well and think highly of you (except for your family and friends).
Your references could be present or past managers/supervisors, colleagues, professors/teachers, coaches, or clients. Ideally, these people are professional and articulate.
There are other reasons why adding references to your resume can be a good strategy. You might know or have worked with someone well-known and respected in your industry. Or someone in an executive-level position, such as a university dean, CEO, VP, or director in your former company. You can impress the recruiter by including people with such stature in your references.
Also, character references can boost your job application if you don’t have much work history yet.
As a common courtesy, get the consent of the people you’ll enlist as your references before you share their contact information with recruiters. Let them know that someone might contact them and ask questions about you.
When writing your references, include the necessary details: complete name, position title, mobile number, landline number (if any), and email address. Put the reference section at the bottom of the page.
Even if you don’t have a formal work history, you can focus on qualifications other than paid work experience.
If you’re a student, fresh graduate, or career shifter, there are other details worth adding to your resume.
Here are some examples:
a. Internship experience
b. Part-time, freelance, or summer jobs (as long as the experience and skills gained from them are relevant to the job)
c. Volunteering experience in charities, non-profit organizations, barangay-sponsored programs or activities, etc.
d. Extracurricular activities in school (such as membership or leadership experience in student organizations, campus publications, etc.)
e. Certifications, languages, hobbies, and interests
f. Past projects or a small business you’re currently running
g. Character references
h. General weighted average (GWA)
i. Relevant seminars, workshops, conferences, or online courses attended
Moreover, highlight your education and soft skills. To do that, use the functional resume format that plays up skills and education and downplays work experience.
Adding freelance or business experience to your resume resembles listing formal work experience. You need to make some tweaks.
Here’s how to pull it off:
a. Place a job title. Even if your position in your freelance work or business has no official title, give yourself a job title that accurately describes the nature of your work, e.g., “Freelance Software Developer,” “Real Estate Agent,” “Financial Advisor,” “Marketing Consultant,” “Small Business Owner,” etc.
b. Add a company name. Yes, you can add a company name even if you’re not employed by one. If your business is registered with the DTI and BIR, use your official business name.
c. List your duties or services. Briefly describe your work in each bullet point if you’re a freelancer. Worked for multiple clients? Summarize your responsibilities and accomplishments with your clients.
If you’re an entrepreneur, describe your business’s nature and essential duties and achievements as the owner. Emphasize notable projects and clients. If you’ve worked for or done business with well-known clients, mention them in your resume (except if you have a confidentiality clause in your contract). It’s also great to single out a project that helped you gain more knowledge and skills required for the job.
Here’s an example of how self-employment is listed on a freelancer’s resume:
Freelance Writer
ABC Writing Services, Inc. (May 2015-2019)
*Produced blog posts, sales copies, and product descriptions for various e-commerce websites
*Assisted in editing clients’ website content
*Consistently delivered outputs on time
Here’s an example of how self-employment is listed on an entrepreneur’s resume:
Owner/Operator
XYZ Enterprises, Inc. (2017-present)
*Started own business selling healthy homemade meals online
*Took charge of the overall operations, including raw material sourcing, marketing, website maintenance, shipping, customer service, and accounting
*Successfully expanded the product line to include healthy desserts and meal plans in 2019
A study 6 found that work gaps on a resume lower the chance of getting an interview by 45%. Employers assume the worst when they see gaps between work experiences on a resume. A gap might mean the person may do it again.
If appropriately addressed, however, your employment gaps shouldn’t be a cause for concern. Here’s what you can do:
a. Use the functional or combination resume format to emphasize your relevant skills and education.
b. Show the gap on your resume. There’s no point in hiding it. But briefly explain what you were doing during that period in your cover letter. Some reasons are legitimate (like job loss due to an economic crisis, starting a family, becoming a stay-at-home parent, recovery from an accident or severe illness, etc.), so there’s no harm in stating yours.
c. List any projects or activities—paid or unpaid—that you’re involved in during the work gap. These may include part-time, freelance, and volunteer work.
d. No need to explain an old gap that occurred more than ten years ago or a short gap that happened for less than six months. It doesn’t matter and will perhaps go unnoticed.
e. Never apologize for the gap. The hiring manager will understand if you assure them the work gap won’t happen again.
Lack of consistent work history doesn’t look good on a resume. It’s a red flag for hiring managers—they might assume the candidate either kept getting fired due to poor performance/lousy workplace behavior or easily lost motivation to work.
Whatever your reason for having short-term stints, you can still create a strong resume and avoid the “job-hopper” label. Here’s how:
a. Use a functional or combination resume format, focusing more on your skills than work experience.
b. Write a compelling career objective. Emphasize your desire to stay in a position or stick to a company for a long time.
c. List transferrable skills that you gained from an unrelated job or industry that you can apply to the new position.
d. Have a separate section for your work achievements. Show that you contributed something valuable to your former employers, even if you stayed only briefly.
e. Omit short-term jobs that are irrelevant to the new position.
f. Combine work experiences, if possible. This strategy works for candidates with related freelance projects with different clients. Instead of listing each freelance gig, you can group the projects under one entry and indicate that it’s for various clients.
g. Let your cover letter do the talking. Mention that you’re looking for a career change and briefly explain why. If the job-hopping was involuntary, state the reason (e.g., layoff, redundancy, business closure, etc.). You can also list what you will do to help address the team or company’s challenges.
Last Updated June 25, 2024 11:08 AM
Venus Zoleta is an experienced writer and editor for over 10 years, covering topics on personal finance, travel, government services, and digital marketing. Her background is in journalism and corporate communications. In her early 20s, she started investing and purchased a home. Now, she advocates financial literacy for Filipinos and shares her knowledge online. When she's not working, Venus bonds with her pet cats and binges on Korean dramas and Pinoy rom-coms.
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